Serological testing for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection typically assesses antibodies against various viral antigens. Different antibody patterns indicate distinct stages of infection, from acute to past exposure. Quantitative results, expressed as titers or concentrations, can help clinicians assess the strength of the immune response and, in some cases, monitor disease activity. For instance, high levels of IgM antibodies against the viral capsid antigen (VCA) often suggest a recent or current infection, while the presence of IgG antibodies against VCA and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) indicates a past infection.
Understanding the expected values for these antibodies at different stages of infection allows healthcare providers to accurately interpret laboratory findings. This information is crucial for diagnosing EBV-associated illnesses, such as infectious mononucleosis, and differentiating them from other conditions with similar symptoms. Historically, the development of these serological assays represented a significant advance in the diagnosis and management of EBV infections. They provide a non-invasive way to assess immune status related to EBV and contribute to a better understanding of the virus’s role in various clinical scenarios.