Laboratory analysis for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection typically quantifies antibodies produced in response to the virus. These tests measure specific antibodies like viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM and IgG, Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA) IgG, and early antigen (EA) IgG. Different combinations and levels of these antibodies indicate various stages of infection, from recent to past exposure. For example, high VCA IgM with low or absent EBNA signifies acute infection. Conversely, the presence of VCA IgG and EBNA IgG without VCA IgM suggests a past infection. Numerical values obtained for these antibody titers are often presented within a reference range, aiding healthcare professionals in interpretation.
Understanding the spectrum of antibody responses is crucial for diagnosing and managing EBV-related conditions. Accurate interpretation allows clinicians to differentiate between acute, chronic, or reactivated infections. This information informs treatment decisions and helps predict potential complications. Historically, serological testing has been instrumental in understanding the prevalence and epidemiology of EBV infections globally, leading to improved diagnostic capabilities and targeted interventions. Differentiating between current and past infection is crucial, as most adults have been exposed to EBV and carry antibodies, regardless of experiencing overt symptoms. Therefore, simply having antibodies doesn’t necessarily indicate active disease.
